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This review summarizes the current advances of hetero-doped (Fe, Co, P, S, N) nanostructures derived from MOFs (metal-organic frameworks) for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalysis. These nanomaterials are classified as: 0D (polyhedrons, hollow and core-shell structures), 1D (nanotubes and nanorods), 2D (nanosheets), and 3D (honeycomb like frameworks) morphologies. It is thoroughly discussed the critical and very important pathway of ORR, which occurs in electrochemical devices such as fuel cells and metal-air batteries (high energy capacity, excellent conversion efficiency and low environmental impact).

Emphasis is given on the mechanistic studies devoted to both the nanostructure formation from MOFs and the morphology-activity relationship of transition-metal anchored carbon nanostructures transformed from MOFs. Controlled electronic structures, extrinsic/intrinsic structures and …