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The building sector is material-intensive and responsible for embodied energy and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Comprehensively analysing the evolution of material stocks (MSs) and associated environmental impacts in the building sector can support better decision-making on material management and energy conservation. However, there is a gap in the literature to evaluate the spatial patterns and dynamics of residential building stocks systematically and comprehensively. A simulation-based bottom-up approach is proposed to systematically analyse the spatiotemporal evolution of residential buildings’ MSs and their environmental impacts at initial and replacement stages with a high resolution. Notably, the development of the material intensity dataset is essential for analysing MSs in the building sector. The proposed innovative approach links different building characteristic factors for developing a …