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With the wide increase in global forestry resources trade, the demand for wood is increasing day by day, especially rare wood. Finding a computer-based method that can identify wood species has strong practical value and very important significance for regulating the wood trade market and protecting the interests of all parties, which is one of the important problems to be solved by the wood industry. This article firstly studies the establishment of wood microscopic images dataset through a combination of traditional image amplification technology and Mix-up technology expansion strategy. Then with the traditional Faster Region-based Convolutional Neural Networks (Faster RCNN) model, the receptive field enhancement Spatial Pyramid Pooling (SPP) module and the multi-scale feature fusion of Feature Pyramid Networks (FPN) module are introduced to construct a microscopic image identification model based on the migration learning fusion model and analyzes the three factors (Mix-up, Enhanced SPP and FPN modules) affecting the wood microscopic image detection model. The experimental results show that the proposed approach can identify 10 kinds of wood microscopic images, and the accuracy rate has increased from 77.8% to 83.8%, which provides convenient conditions for further in-depth study of the microscopic characteristics of wood cells and is of great significance to the field of wood science.