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Extensive observational evidence links diet quality to the risk for major depressive disorder (MDD), while clinical trials show that dietary improvement can improve depressive symptoms. However, due to issues with blinding dietary trials, confirming a causal relationship for diet's influence on MDD requires further research. Thus, we systemically investigated the bi-directional causal relationships between dietary habits and MDD by using two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR).

We collected publicly available genome-wide association studies' summary statistics for dietary habits from UK Biobank (n = 449,210) and MDD from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium (n = 142,646). We used a weighted median approach to synthesize MR estimates across genetic instruments. For the robustness of our results, we compared weighted median results with results from the inverse-variance weighted …