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Descriptive neural network analyses have provided important insights into the organization of structural and functional networks in the human brain. However, these analyses have limitations for inter-subject or between-group comparisons in which network sizes and edge densities may differ, such as in studies on neurodevelopment or brain diseases. Furthermore, descriptive neural network analyses lack an appropriate generic null model and a unifying framework. These issues may be solved with an alternative framework based on a Bayesian generative modeling approach, i.e. Bayesian exponential random graph modeling (ERGM), which explains an observed network by the joint contribution of local network structures or features (for which we chose neurobiologically meaningful constructs such as connectedness, local clustering or global efficiency). We aimed to identify how these local network structures (or …