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Hall KL, Phillips CA, Reynolds DB, Mohler SR, Neidhard-Doll AT. Pneumatic muscle actuator (PMA) task-specific resistance for potential use in microgravity exercise. Aviat Space Environ Med 2012; 83:696–701.

A pneumatic muscle actuator (PMA) is a device that mimics the behavior of skeletal muscle by contracting and generating force when activated. This type of actuator has a high power to weight ratio and unique characteristics which make it ideal for human interaction. PMAs, however, are difficult to control due to nonlinear dynamics. Our objective was to control a PMA as a source of task-specific resistance in simulated isokinetic strength training. Task-specific resistance will benefit those in need of strength training through a joint’s range of motion, including astronauts who need to counteract muscle atrophy during prolonged spaceflight. The lightweight, clean, and compact PMA driven by …