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Rising global pollution index, together with transportation vehicles as one of the major contributors, has prompted researchers to focus on clean and renewable sources of energy. Electric vehicles (EVs) with rechargeable lithium-ion battery offer a promising option to develop clean energy vehicles. However, in order to bring off an optimal performance, a specified temperature range must be chosen for the operation of these batteries. Here, we numerically investigated a battery thermal management system (BTMS) utilizing encapsulated phase change material (PCM) combined with forced convective air cooling using the coupled electrochemical-thermal modelling. Commercial SONY 18650 type lithium-ion cells were taken in two arrangements, namely, inline and staggered. PCM encapsulation of thickness 0–3 mm over the cells was used. Broadly, the influence of increasing cell number (N) on the cooling …