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Ultra-dense heterogeneous networks (Ud-HetNets) have been put forward to improve the network capacity for next-generation wireless networks. However, counter to the 5G vision, ultra-dense deployment of networks would significantly increase energy consumption and thus decrease network energy efficiency, suffering from the conventional worst case network design philosophy. This problem becomes particularly severe when Ud-HetNets meet big data because of the traditional reactive request-transmit service mode. In view of these, this article first develops a big-data-aware artificial- intelligence-based framework for energy-efficient operations of Ud-HetNets. Based on the framework, we then identify four promising techniques, namely big data analysis, adaptive base station operation, proactive caching, and interference- aware resource allocation, to reduce energy cost on both large and small scales. We …