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We investigate the problem of diagnostic lung nodule classification using thoracic Computed Tomography (CT) screening. Unlike traditional studies primarily relying on nodule segmentation for regional analysis, we tackle a more challenging problem on directly modelling raw nodule patches without any prior definition of nodule morphology. We propose a hierarchical learning framework—Multi-scale Convolutional Neural Networks (MCNN)—to capture nodule heterogeneity by extracting discriminative features from alternatingly stacked layers. In particular, to sufficiently quantify nodule characteristics, our framework utilizes multi-scale nodule patches to learn a set of class-specific features simultaneously by concatenating response neuron activations obtained at the last layer from each input scale. We evaluate the proposed method on CT images from Lung Image Database Consortium and Image …