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Bladder cancer, a prevalent malignancy affecting the urinary system, arises from the tissues of the bladder, a hollow organ responsible for storing urine (see Image. Bladder Cancer, Magnetic Resonance Image). Urothelial carcinoma is the most frequent type of bladder cancer, constituting over 90% of cases in industrialized nations. This type of cancer is notably common among older adults, with risk factors including smoking, chemical exposure, and chronic bladder inflammation. Presenting symptoms such as gross or microscopic hematuria, urinary frequency, and pelvic pain lead to its detection. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for improving outcomes, as bladder cancer can range from noninvasive forms that are confined to the inner layers of the bladder to invasive types that penetrate deeper and can spread to other parts of the body.

Treatment primarily involves transurethral resection and intravesical …