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When adults are asked to indicate whether a probe had been present in a previously viewed number pair, probes that are the sum of the pair take more time to reject than unrelated numbers. In Experiment 1, we explore how factors such as the size of the numbers and the delay between the pair and probe influence this effect in adults. In Experiment 2, we present evidence that this interference effect is also present in elementary school children although it varies with the size of the numbers in the pair and the age of the child. In our third experiment, we explore a related interference effect known as the associative confusion effect which arises for adults in arithmetic verification tasks when multiplicative answers are given to addition problems and additive answers are given to multiplication problems. The results of our third experiment suggest that children in grades 3 through 5 also exhibit associative confusion …