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Health effects linked to exposure to high air pollutant levels have been described in depth, and many recent epidemiologic studies have also consistently reported positive associations between exposure to air pollutants at low concentrations (particularly PM_2.5) and adverse health outcomes.

To estimate the number of avoidable deaths associated with reducing PM_2.5 levels in Spain.

For exposure assessment, we used the US Environmental Protection Agency's Community Multiscale Air Quality model to simulate air pollution levels with a spatial resolution of 18×18km². Two different scenarios were compared, namely, a baseline 2004 scenario based on Spain's National Emissions Inventory and a projected 2011 scenario in which a reduction in PM_2.5 was estimated on the basis of the benefits that might be attained if specific air quality policies were …