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Investigation of gap characteristics and tree regeneration patterns is central for our understanding of forest dynamics. By integrating aerial photograph analyses and ground surveys, we provide a study of long-term canopy gap dynamics and tree regeneration patterns in a Hungarian beech forest reserve. We found (1) that in spite of the overall increase of gap area during the investigated 30-years (from 2.5 to 7.7 per cent), total gap area and average gap size (40–93 m²) were remarkably similar to those found in other temperate and tropical forests, (2) if the fate of individual gaps was followed, two to three times more intensive canopy dynamics (gap creation, closure and expansion) could be recognized than simple change of gap area indicated, and (3) average seedling density was considered to be sufficient for natural regeneration. However, it was apparent that recent increased deer browsing had prevented …