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The broad clinical syndrome of acute kidney injury (AKI) encompasses various aetiologies, including specific kidney diseases (eg acute interstitial nephritis), nonspecific conditions (eg renal ischaemia) as well as extrarenal pathology (eg post-renal obstruction). AKI is a serious condition that affects kidney structure and function acutely, but also in the long term. Recent epidemiological evidence supports the notion that even mild, reversible AKI conveys the risk of persistent tissue damage, and severe AKI can be accompanied by an irreversible decline of kidney function and progression to end-stage kidney failure [1–3]. The Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Clinical Practice Guidelines for AKI [4] were designed to systematically compile information on this topic by experts in the field.

These guidelines are based on the systematic review of relevant trials published before February 2011 …