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Negative emotional responses are a growing problem among drivers, particularly in countries with heavy traffic, and may lead to serious accidents on the road. Measuring stress- and fatigue-induced emotional responses by means of a wireless, wearable system would be useful for potentially averting roadway tragedies. The focus of this study was to develop and verify an emotional response-monitoring paradigm for drivers, derived from electromyography signals of the upper trapezius muscle, photoplethysmography signals of the earlobe, as well as inertial motion sensing of the head movement. The relevant sensors were connected to a microcontroller unit equipped with a Bluetooth-enabled low-energy module, which allows the transmission of those sensor readings to a mobile device in real time. A mobile device application was then used to extract the data from the sensors and to determine the driver's current …