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Fish diseases caused by viruses are a major threat to aquaculture. Development of disease protection strategies for sustainable fish aquaculture requires a better understanding of the immune mechanisms involved in antiviral defence. The innate and adaptive arms of the vertebrate immune system collaborate to mount an effective defence against viral pathogens. The T lymphocyte components of the adaptive immune system, comprising two major classes (helper T, Th or CD4⁺ and cytotoxic T lymphocytes, CTLs or CD8⁺ T cells), are responsible for cell-mediated immune responses. In particular, CD4⁺ T cells and their different subsets orchestrate the actions of various other immune cells during immune responses, making CD4⁺ T cells central drivers of responses to pathogens and vaccines. CD4⁺ T cells are also present in teleost fish. Here we review the literature that reported the use of antibodies against CD4 in …