查看文章

Rechargeable sodium–sulfur (Na–S) batteries are regarded as a promising energy storage technology due to their high energy density and low cost. High-temperature sodium–sulfur (HT Na–S) batteries with molten sodium and sulfur as cathode materials were proposed in 1966, and later successfully commercialised for utility-scale stationary energy storage. However, their high working temperature (300–350 °C) causes some detrimental problems such as high operating costs, difficulties of maintenance (corrosion), and severe safety issues. In particular, HT Na–S batteries with Na polysulfides as the final discharge product only deliver about a third of the sulfur's theoretical capacity. These drawbacks greatly limited the broader applications of HT Na–S batteries. In recent years, extensive efforts have been devoted to developing next-generation intermediate-temperature sodium–sulfur batteries (IMT Na–S …