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The current exploratory study identifies the major challenges in the adoption of Industry 4.0 framework in the Indian construction industry and subsequently ranks the challenges on the basis of the severity. Based on the extant literature review and personal interaction with construction management, information technology (IT) professionals, and academicians, twenty-five challenges were identified. After validating the challenges, they were ranked from most severe to least severe using the multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method based on rough set theory that leans on the indiscernibility relation between the objects. The study indicates that huge initial investments and costs incurred to mobilize the internet of things (IoT) enabled framework in the construction firms are the major obstacles to the adoption of the Industry 4.0 methods. The recruitment of experts to train the employees and workers is seen as …