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Magnesium (Mg) and its alloys are promising lightweight and high specific strength structural materials, especially for transportation and aerospace applications. However, pure Mg and many Mg alloys exhibit low room-temperature ductility and formability, which is due to the low-symmetry hexagonal close-packed crystal structure and high plastic anisotropy. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the fundamental deformation behavior in Mg and its alloys is critical to further improve the mechanical performance of Mg. In this dissertation, advanced characterization techniques (scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, etc.) were used to study the activation and suppression of non-basal slips (non-basal< a> and< c+ a>) and extension twinning in deformed pure Mg and Mg alloys.