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Stress–strain responses of single and polycrystals of Hadfield steel were modeled using a viscoplastic self-consistent approach. A unique hardening formulation was proposed in the constitutive model incorporating length scales associated with spacing between twin lamellae and grain boundaries. TEM observations lend further support to the length scales incorporated into the constitutive model. Many of the experimental findings were made on [ 1 ̄ 11] and [ 1 ̄ 44] crystal orientations deformed in tension, displaying fine twin lamellae at small strains in addition to slip in intra-twin regions. A natural outcome of the model was the small deformation activity inside the twinned regions and higher deformations between the twins. The model utilized dislocation density as a state variable and predicted the stress–strain responses and texture evolution in single crystals accurately over a broad range of strains. The …