Abstract Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 belongs to the TLR family of receptors inducing pro-
inflammatory responses to invading pathogens. TLR4 is activated by lipopolysaccharide …

Abstract Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of
Gram-negative bacteria to induce production of pro-inflammatory mediators aiming at …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are essential players in the innate immune response to invading
pathogens. Although extensive research efforts have provided a considerable wealth of …

Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) belongs to the family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs).
They are highly conserved receptors that recognize conserved pathogen‐associated …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are involved in sensing invading microbes by host innate
immunity. TLR2 recognizes bacterial lipoproteins/lipopeptides, and lipopolysaccharide …

Toll-like receptor (TLR)-7 is an endosomal innate immune sensor capable of detecting
single-stranded ribonucleic acid. TLR7-mediated induction of type I interferon and other …

Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activates two distinct signaling pathways inducing production of
proinflammatory cytokines or type I interferons (IFNs), respectively. MyD88 and TIRAP/Mal …

Microbe-induced receptor trafficking has emerged as an essential means to promote innate
immune signal transduction. Upon detection of bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), CD14 …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are receptors of the innate immune system responsible for
recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns. TLR2 seems to be the most …

Dimerization of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD2)
heterodimers is critical for both MyD88-and TIR-domain–containing adapter-inducing IFN-β …