The innate immune response to lipopolysaccharide is essential for host defense against
Gram-negative bacteria. In response to bacterial infection, the TLR4/MD-2 complex that is …

Intracellular lipopolysaccharide (LPS) sensing by the noncanonical inflammasome
comprising caspase-4 or-11 governs antibacterial host defense. How LPS gains intracellular …

Abstract Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is activated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of
Gram-negative bacteria to induce production of pro-inflammatory mediators aiming at …

Highlights•Murine caspase-11 senses Gram-negative bacterial infection and triggers
pyroptosis.•Cytoplasmic LPS is the agonist of the caspase-11 pathway.•Caspase-11 and …

Sepsis is defined as organ dysfunction due to a dysregulated systemic host response to
infection. During gram-negative bacterial infection and other acute illness such as …

Bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are the major outer surface membrane components
present in almost all Gram-negative bacteria and act as extremely strong stimulators of …

The innate immune system initiates host defence against invasive microbial pathogens
using specific recognition mechanisms. Here we review the current concepts and the …

TLR sensing of pathogens triggers monocyte activation to initiate the host innate immune
response to infection. Monocytes can dynamically adapt to different TLR agonists inducing …

LPS molecules of marine bacteria show structures distinct from terrestrial bacteria, due to the
different environment that marine bacteria live in. Because of these different structures, lipid …

The activator and composition of the NLRP6 inflammasome remain poorly understood. We
find that lipoteichoic acid (LTA), a molecule produced by Gram-positive bacteria, binds and …