Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is produced by Gram-negative bacteria, is a powerful
activator of innate immune responses. LPS binds to the proteins Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pathogen recognition molecules that activate the immune
system as part of the innate immune response. Microbial recognition by TLRs plays a crucial …

Highlights•MD-2 and CD14 regulate the transport and signaling functions of TLR4.•LPS-
induced CD14 aggregation modulates PIP5K activity to promote myddosome signaling …

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative
bacteria. Minute amounts of LPS released from infecting pathogens can initiate potent innate …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are innate recognition molecules for microbial products, but their
direct interactions with corresponding ligands remain unclarified. LPS, a membrane …

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from the outer cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria is a potent
stimulator of the mammalian innate immune system. The Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) pathway …

Innate immune receptors recognize microorganism-specific motifs. One such receptor–
ligand complex is formed between the mammalian Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)–MD2–CD14 …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are recognition molecules for multiple pathogens, including
bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. TLR2 forms heterodimers with TLR1 and TLR6, which …

The study of innate immunity to bacteria has focused heavily on the mechanisms by which
mammalian cells detect lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the conserved surface component of …

The innate immune system is the primary line of defence against invading pathogenic
microbes. Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are a family of membrane receptors which play a pivotal …