Purpose The anatomical anomaly of the number of vertebral bones is one of the major
anomalies in the human body, which can cause confusion of the spinal level in, for example …

Spinal diseases are common and difficult to cure, which causes much suffering. Accurate
diagnosis and assessment of these diseases can considerably improve cure rates and the …

Purpose Artificial intelligence based on deep learning (DL) approaches enables the
automatic recognition of anatomic landmarks and subsequent estimation of various …

The fully automatic localization of key points in medical images is an important and active
area in applied machine learning, with very large sets of key points still being an open …

Detection of an object of interest can be represented as an optimization problem that can be
solved by brute force or heuristic algorithms. However, the globally optimal solution may not …

Spinal Misalignment is a chronic disease that is widespread across the world. It causes
different diseases such as Stenosis, Scoliosis, Osteoporotic Fractures, Thoracolumbar …

Manual annotation of vertebrae on spinal X-ray imaging is costly and time-consuming due to
bone shape complexity and image quality variations. In this study, we address this challenge …

Automatic vertebrae localization and segmentation in computed tomography (CT) are
fundamental for spinal image analysis and spine surgery with computer-assisted surgery …

Localization of the correct vertebral level for surgical entry during lumbar hernia surgery is
not straightforward. In this paper, we develop and evaluate a solution using free-hand 2-D …

Human spine is a significant body structure that allows human to move freely and bend with
flexibility. It also protects the spinal cord, a column of nerves connecting the brain with the …