… However, immunosenescence blunts the immune response to many vaccines (Refs 19, 20).
… age-associated changes in immunity and to highlight their implications for vaccination in the …

… immunity is lifelong, the standard critical vaccination threshold is regained (p c =1−1/R 0 ).
Figure 1a shows the behaviour of the critical vaccination level as ω V changes… the vaccination …

… responses to a subsequent insult has been termed trained immunity 3, 4. In … immunity and
discuss the importance of trained immunity in the context of vaccination and its implications on …

… ) and adaptive (specific) immunity probably contribute to decreased vaccine efficacy and an
… effect of aging on immunity, describing changes in innate and adaptive immunity at a cellular …

… immune system ages and the differential changes in immune … immune responses to vaccines
administered to the elderly. … of sex steroids on immune responses to vaccines. Estradiol, at …

… However, a multitude of changes in the immune system … of vaccination in older adults.
While it is widely believed that the current immunization strategies saves many lives, vaccine …

… in immune function, also known as immunosenescence, that includes changes in both innate
and adaptive immunity.… its implications for influenza vaccination and vaccine development. …

… of changes in immune status with ageing is outside the scope of this Review, an individual’s
immune status before vaccination is … closely linked to how well they respond to vaccination. …

… immune-metabolic pathways involved in the activation of the immune system after BCG
vaccination … Indeed, the activation of innate immune cells and T cells induced by this vaccine is …

… stress-induced changes in leukocyte trafficking patterns and immune responses to vaccination.
The best examples of alterations in leukocyte trafficking and immune function associated …