The blockchain with a distributed network structure can provide a reliable and secure
environment for Internet of Things (IoT) transactions, which also suffers from low throughput …

The Bitcoin blockchain scalability problem has inspired several off-chain solutions for
enabling cryptocurrency transactions, of which Layer-2 systems such as payment channel …

The payment channel networks (PCNs), as the main method of blockchain off-chain
expansion, have received extensive attention in recent years. Using the PCNs, two …

Blockchain-based cryptocurrencies are severely limited in transaction throughput and
latency due to the need to seek consensus among all peers of the network. A promising …

The increasing use of cryptocurrencies has raised scalability and performance issues in
blockchain systems that require global consensus and security assurance for real-time …

Existing blockchain systems suffer from low throughput and high payment latency. Payment
channel networks (PCNs) such as the Lightning Network are proposed as a viable scaling …

Scaling blockchain efficiency is crucial to its widespread usage in which the payment
channel is one of the most prominent approaches. With payment channels and the network …

Although cryptocurrencies have witnessed explosive growth in the past year, they have also
raised many concerns, among which a crucial one is the scalability issue of blockchain …

The past several years have witnessed an explosive growth in cryptocurrencies, but the
blockchain-based cryptocurrencies have also raised many concerns, among which a crucial …

Off-chain payment channel network is an effective solution to deal with low throughput and
high load on the blockchain. However, the quality of the routing scheme will directly affect …