The unprecedented increase of life expectancy challenges society to protect the elderly from
morbidity and mortality making vaccination a crucial mean to safeguard this population …

Immunosenescence results in populating immune tissues with less functional T cells, and
perhaps B cells dendritic cells, that do not function well and produce more type 2 cytokines …

Background Biological aging represents a loss of integrity and functionality of physiological
systems over time. While associated with an enhanced risk of adverse outcomes such as …

A well-established feature of physiological ageing is altered immune function, a
phenomenon termed immunesenescence. Thought to be responsible in part for the …

Immunosenescence is defined as the progressive deterioration of the immune system with
aging. Immunosenescence stifles the generation of protective B and T cell-mediated …

Vaccines are a highly effective intervention for conferring protection against infections and
reducing the associated morbidity and mortality in vaccinated individuals. However, ageing …

Immunosenescence contributes to a decreased capacity of the immune system to respond
effectively to infections or vaccines in the elderly. The full extent of the biological changes …

Influenza is an important contributor to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Accumulation of
genetic mutations termed antigenic drift, allows influenza viruses to inflict yearly epidemics …

Influenza infections are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality each year, with the
highest infection rates found in the elderly population. The main strategy to reduce the …

Highlights•Immunosenescence leads to increased susceptibility to infection and decreased
vaccine response.•Heme-oxygenase gene expression may be an important element in age …