With aging the immune system undergoes significant age-related changes. These age-
dependent changes are referred to as immunosenescence and are partially responsible for …

Immune responses to pathogens to which they were not previously exposed are commonly
less effective in elderly people than in young adults, whereas those to agents previously …

As humans age, their morbidity and mortality from infection increases, their response to
vaccination declines and they have an increased incidence of inflammatory diseases and …

Evidence is emerging that the process of immune aging is a mechanism leading to
autoimmunity. Over lifetime, the immune system adapts to profound changes in …

The world's population is aging, which brings about huge scientific challenges. Since the
biological process of aging is by far the greatest risk factor for most chronic diseases …

Scientific and clinical advances in the last century have led to increased numbers of
individuals living to older ages. Thus a major concern is how to live these years with a high …

Vaccines are a highly effective intervention for conferring protection against infections and
reducing the associated morbidity and mortality in vaccinated individuals. However, ageing …

Immunosenescence results in populating immune tissues with less functional T cells, and
perhaps B cells dendritic cells, that do not function well and produce more type 2 cytokines …

There is an established consensus that it is primarily the adaptive arm of immunity, and the T
cell subset in particular, that is most susceptible to the deleterious changes with age known …

Highlights•B cell generation in bone marrow declines with age in mice but may be
maintained in humans.•Shifts in naïve and antigen-experienced peripheral B cell subsets …