The global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute
respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, threatens the entire world. It …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key sensors that recognize the pathogen-associated
molecular patterns (PAMPs) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS …

Abstract Introduction: Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) caused by SARS-CoV-2 is
presently the biggest threat to mankind throughout the globe. Increasing reports on deaths …

The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has led
to coronavirus disease (COVID-19), a global health pandemic causing millions of deaths …

The innate immune system facilitates defense mechanisms against pathogen invasion and
cell damage. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) assist in the activation of the innate immune system …

Abstract Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) is the causative
agent of Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Lower production of type I and III …

Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is caused by a novel single-stranded RNA beta-
coronavirus called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)[1] …

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome
coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been responsible for a devastating pandemic since March …

Balanced immune regulation is crucial for recognizing an invading pathogen, its killing, and
elimination. Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are the key regulators of the innate immune system. It …

Severe COVID-19 is characterized by a “cytokine storm”, the mechanism of which is not yet
understood. I propose that cytokine storms result from synergistic interactions among Toll …