People aged 60 and older represent over 11% of the world population and it is expected to
rise 22% by 2050. Population aging is associated to an increased frequency of age-related …

Aging is associated with declines in immune system function, or 'immunosenescence',
leading to progressive deterioration in both innate and adaptive immunity. These changes …

The increased susceptibility of the elderly to infection presents a major challenge to public
health services. An aging immune system is well documented as the cause of increased …

Highlights•Aging is associated with a decline in immune function termed 'immune
senescence'.•Effective influenza vaccines need to be developed for better protection the …

Major advances in preventing, delaying, or curing individual pathologies are responsible for
an increasingly long life span in the developed parts of our planet, and indeed reaching …

In the older adult, the benefits of vaccination to prevent infectious disease are limited, mainly
because of the adaptive immune system's inability to generate protective immunity. The age …

Vaccination remains the most effective prophylactic intervention for infectious disease in the
healthcare professional's toolkit. However, the efficacy and effectiveness of vaccines …

Annual vaccination against seasonal influenza is recommended to decrease disease-
related mortality and morbidity. However, one population that responds suboptimally to …

The functional capacity of the immune system gradually declines with age. T lymphocytes
are more severely affected than B cells or antigen-presenting cells. This is mainly due to the …

Organismal ageing is associated with many physiological changes, including differences in
the immune system of most animals. These differences are often considered to be a key …