Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and its Receptor Binding Domain stimulate release of different pro-inflammatory mediators via activation of distinct receptors …

I Tsilioni, TC Theoharides - Molecular Neurobiology, 2023 - Springer
SARS-CoV-2 infects cells via its spike (S) protein binding to its surface receptor angiotensin
converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) on target cells and results in acute symptoms involving …

SARS-CoV-2 spike S1 subunit induces neuroinflammatory, microglial and behavioral sickness responses: Evidence of PAMP-like properties

MG Frank, KH Nguyen, JB Ball, S Hopkins… - Brain, Behavior, and …, 2022 - Elsevier
SARS-CoV-2 infection produces neuroinflammation as well as neurological, cognitive (ie,
brain fog), and neuropsychiatric symptoms (eg, depression, anxiety), which can persist for …

[HTML][HTML] Role of SARS-CoV-2 spike-protein-induced activation of microglia and mast cells in the pathogenesis of neuro-COVID

TC Theoharides, D Kempuraj - Cells, 2023 - mdpi.com
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus
disease 2019 (COVID-19). About 45% of COVID-19 patients experience several symptoms a …

[HTML][HTML] SARS-CoV-2 spike protein induces cognitive deficit and anxiety-like behavior in mouse via non-cell autonomous hippocampal neuronal death

J Oh, WH Cho, E Barcelon, KH Kim, J Hong, SJ Lee - Scientific reports, 2022 - nature.com
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is accompanied
by chronic neurological sequelae such as cognitive decline and mood disorder, but the …

[HTML][HTML] SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein alters microglial purinergic signaling

VS Alves, SACS Santos, R Leite-Aguiar… - Frontiers in …, 2023 - frontiersin.org
Despite long-term sequelae of COVID-19 are emerging as a substantial public health
concern, the mechanism underlying these processes still unclear. Evidence demonstrates …

[HTML][HTML] SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein S1 induces neuroinflammation in BV-2 microglia

OA Olajide, VU Iwuanyanwu, OD Adegbola… - Molecular …, 2022 - Springer
In addition to respiratory complications produced by SARS‐CoV‐2, accumulating evidence
suggests that some neurological symptoms are associated with the disease caused by this …

[HTML][HTML] Could SARS-CoV-2 spike protein be responsible for long-COVID syndrome?

TC Theoharides - Molecular Neurobiology, 2022 - Springer
SARS-CoV-2 infects cells via its spike protein binding to its surface receptor on target cells
and results in acute symptoms involving especially the lungs known as COVID-19. However …

[HTML][HTML] Spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 induce pathological changes in molecular delivery and metabolic function in the brain endothelial cells

ES Kim, MT Jeon, KS Kim, S Lee, S Kim, DG Kim - Viruses, 2021 - mdpi.com
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes the
coronavirus disease (COVID-19), is currently infecting millions of people worldwide and is …

Immunization with 674–685 fragment of SARS-Cov-2 spike protein induces neuroinflammation and impairs episodic memory of mice

O Lykhmus, O Kalashnyk, L Koval, O Krynina… - Biochemical and …, 2022 - Elsevier
COVID-19 is accompanied by strong inflammatory reaction and is often followed by long-
term cognitive disorders. The fragment 674–685 of SARS-Cov-2 spike protein was shown to …

[PDF][PDF] SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein induces TLR4-mediated long-term cognitive dysfunction recapitulating post-COVID-19 syndrome in mice

FL Fontes-Dantas, GG Fernandes, EG Gutman… - Cell reports, 2023 - cell.com
Cognitive dysfunction is often reported in patients with post-coronavirus disease 2019
(COVID-19) syndrome, but its underlying mechanisms are not completely understood …