Objective Health or disease is shaped for all individuals by interactions between their genes
and environment. Exactly how the environment changes gene expression and how this can …

Background: Children are susceptible to environmental contaminants and are at risk of
developing diseases, more so if the exposure begins at an early age. Epidemiological …

Every year more than 13 million deaths worldwide are due to environmental pollutants, and
approximately 24% of diseases are caused by environmental exposures that might be …

The effects of environmental factors and epigenetics on health and disease development
are complex and interconnected. Environmental factors encompass external influences like …

A substantial proportion of disease risk for common complex disorders is attributable to
environmental exposures and pollutants. An appreciation of how environmental pollutants …

Abstract Changes in epigenetic marks such as DNA methylation and histone acetylation are
associated with a broad range of disease traits, including cancer, asthma, metabolic …

Epigenetics investigates heritable changes in gene expression that occur without changes
in DNA sequence. Several epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation and histone …

It is becoming increasingly apparent that genetic factors are inadequate to fully explain
many processes that shape development and disease. For example, monozygotic twin pairs …

The lack of knowledge about the earliest events in disease development is due to the multi-
factorial nature of disease risk. This information gap is the consequence of the lack of …

This review focuses on how environmental factors through epigenetics modify disease risk
and health outcomes. Major epigenetic events, such as histone modifications, DNA …