… we mention the two patterns observed in severe COVID-19 (… interleukin-6-driven immune
dysregulation). Next, reviewing … , we examine a number of cytokine and anti-cytokine therapies, …

… -stimulating factors (CSFs) are the major cytokines involved … of different cytokines leads to
the activation of cytokine storm … of a strong suppressing response of the immune system [43]. …

… , hyper-activated innate immune responses, and dysregulation of … cytokines could promote
more immune cells in a positive … Moreover, the best timing of anti-cytokine storm therapies …

… immune system and the adaptive immune dysfunction. The main challenge for effective
administration of anti-cytokine therapy in COVID-19 will be … of the cytokine storm in COVID-19, …

… tools to evaluate immune function in COVID-19 infections. … patients, stimulated PBMCs
from COVID-19 patients will only … Thus, anti-cytokine therapy or drugs to negatively modulate …

… , and impaired protective, adaptive immune response. This is … found that the NSP1 protein
of SARS-CoV-2 can inhibit … -stimulating factor (G-CSF); granulocyte–macrophage colony-…

… is suppressing NF-κB to drive TNF-α–induced cell death, we re-… apoptosis in response to
TNF-α and IFN-γ stimulation, we used … of these anti-cytokine therapies in COVID-19 are largely …

… pathobiology of COVID-19 remains incomplete, one hypothesis … arise from overzealous
innate immune responses, akin to other … the role of cytokine biology in COVID-19 and how this …

… IL-6 plays a central role in immune responses by stimulating … IL-6 can suppress the functions
of T lymphocytes, dendritic … Stebbing et al. later confirmed the anti-cytokine and antiviral …

… In particular, IL-6 may suppress normal T-cell activation [11], and TNF-α can promote T-cell …
favoring the release of inflammatory cytokines and amplification of the immune response [46]. …