Future wireless communications are becoming increasingly complex with different radio access technologies, transmission backhauls, and network slices, and they play an important role in the emerging edge computing paradigm, which aims to reduce the wireless transmission latency between end-users and edge clouds. Deep learning techniques, which have already demonstrated overwhelming advantages in a wide range of internet of things (IoT) applications, show significant promise for solving such complicated real-world scenarios. Although the convergence of radio access networks and deep learning is still in the preliminary exploration stage, it has already attracted tremendous concern from both academia and industry. To address emerging theoretical and practical issues, ranging from basic concepts to research directions in future wireless networking applications and architectures, this paper mainly reviews the latest research progress and major technological deployment of deep learning in the development of wireless communications. We highlight the intuitions and key technologies of deep learning-driven wireless communication from the aspects of end-to-end communication, signal detection, channel estimation and compression sensing, encoding and decoding, and security and privacy. Main challenges, potential opportunities and future trends in incorporating deep learning schemes in wireless communications environments are further illustrated.