Highlights
- Current understanding of human nephron morphogenetic programs is limited.
- Tissue mechanics and cell fate specification may act in concert to shape the nephron.
- hPSC-derived kidney organoids can be used to study nephron induction and patterning.
- Technologies to measure multicellular behaviors will be crucial to uncover key principles of nephron emergence.
- Resulting discoveries will help unveil new mechanisms of human kidney disease.
During kidney development the emergence of complex multicellular shapes such as the nephron (the functional unit of the kidney) rely on spatiotemporally coordinated developmental programs. These involve gene regulatory networks, signaling pathways and mechanical forces, that work in concert to shape and form the nephron (s). The generation of kidney organoids from human pluripotent stem cells now represent an unprecedented experimental set up to study these processes. Here we discuss the potential applications of kidney organoids to advance our knowledge of how mechanical forces and cell fate specification spatiotemporally interact to orchestrate nephron patterning and morphogenesis in humans. Progress in innovative techniques for quantifying and perturbing these processes in a controlled manner will be crucial. A mechanistic understanding of the multicellular dynamic processes occurring during nephrogenesis will pave the way to unveil new mechanisms of human kidney disease.