Serotonin transporter gene moderates childhood maltreatment's effects on persistent but not single-episode depression: replications and implications for resolving …
Journal of affective disorders, 2011•Elsevier
BACKGROUND: Genetic and environmental factors shape life-long vulnerability to
depression, but most gene–environment interaction (G× E) research has focused on cross-
sectional assessments rather than life-course phenotypes. This study tests the hypothesis
that the G× E involving the length polymorphism in the serotonin-transporter-gene-linked-
promoter-region (5-HTTLPR) and childhood maltreatment is specific to depression that runs
a persistent course in adulthood. METHODS: The hypothesis is tested in two cohorts. Men …
depression, but most gene–environment interaction (G× E) research has focused on cross-
sectional assessments rather than life-course phenotypes. This study tests the hypothesis
that the G× E involving the length polymorphism in the serotonin-transporter-gene-linked-
promoter-region (5-HTTLPR) and childhood maltreatment is specific to depression that runs
a persistent course in adulthood. METHODS: The hypothesis is tested in two cohorts. Men …
BACKGROUND
Genetic and environmental factors shape life-long vulnerability to depression, but most gene–environment interaction (G×E) research has focused on cross-sectional assessments rather than life-course phenotypes. This study tests the hypothesis that the G×E involving the length polymorphism in the serotonin-transporter-gene-linked-promoter-region (5-HTTLPR) and childhood maltreatment is specific to depression that runs a persistent course in adulthood.
METHODS
The hypothesis is tested in two cohorts. Men and women in the Dunedin Study (N=847), New Zealand, followed to age 32years with 96% retention and women in the E-Risk Study (N=930), England, followed to age 40years with 96% retention. Diagnoses of past-year major depressive episode were established at four separate assessments. Depression diagnosed on two or more occasions was considered persistent.
RESULTS
In both cohorts, statistical tests of gene–environment interactions showed positive results for persistent depression but not single-episode depression. Individuals with two short 5-HTTLPR alleles and childhood maltreatment had elevated risk of persistent but not single-episode depression.
LIMITATIONS
Some cases of recurrent depression may have been misclassified as single-episode due to non-contiguous assessment windows, but this would have a conservative effect on the findings. Chronic and recurrent depression could not be reliably distinguished due to non-contiguous periods of assessment. Therefore, the term persistent depression is used to describe either chronic or recurrent course.
CONCLUSIONS
The specific effect on persistent depression increases the significance of this G×E for public health. Research that does not distinguish persistent course may underestimate G×E effects and account for some replication failures in G×E research.
Elsevier
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