… Our evaluations show that the proposed solutions made federated learning more reliable. …
higher rewards while punishing malicious behaviors. Hence, running federated learning in an …

… However, there is the risk of single point failure with FL because it relies on a central server
to gather the model updates from clients, moreover, malicious behaviors of some clients may …

… behavior on the blockchain. In order to solve the high probability of false alerts affecting the
accuracy of the federated learning … principle of the federated learning and blockchain,and the …

… to detect the malicious behaviour, and machine learning methods … propose a blockchain-based
federated learning scheme to … of the model on the blockchain, differential privacy with the …

… If a delegate executes malicious behaviors during the consensus process, the deposit will
be confiscated and the delegate is also put on a blacklist and removed from the delegate …

… However, if the malicious behavior happens when the value of reputation is higher than h,
the reputation drops by 1, so does the reward in the subsequent global epoch. …

… However, the behavioral trust of beacon nodes is affected when there are … This paper
proposes a blockchain based mechanism for malicious node detection in the IoSTs. The …

… First, we investigate how blockchain can be applied to federal learning from the perspective
… law-quality data and malicious behaviours. • Public blockchain in BCFL generally requires …

… The transaction is a concept in blockchain system involving cryptocurrency, contracts, records
or other information to record all behavior in blockchain. In this paper, we assume that the …

… Because of these issues, we presented a hybrid federated machine learning-based … we
proposed the use of a secure blockchain enabled by federated learning (FL) in Internet of Things …