When deciding what to eat, animals evaluate sensory information about food quality
alongside multiple ongoing internal states,,,,,,,,–. How internal states interact to alter …

Midbrain dopamine neurons are activated by reward or sensory stimuli predicting reward,,,.
These excitatory responses increase as the reward value increases. This response property …

To make adaptive decisions, animals must evaluate the costs and benefits of available
options. The nascent field of neuroeconomics has set itself the ambitious goal of …

Vision, choice, action and behavioural engagement arise from neuronal activity that may be
distributed across brain regions. Here we delineate the spatial distribution of neurons …

Visual stimuli can acquire positive or negative value through their association with rewards
and punishments, a process called reinforcement learning. Although we now know a great …

The valuation of food is a fundamental component of our decision-making. Yet little is known
about how value signals for food and other rewards are constructed by the brain. Using a …

There is increased appreciation that dopamine neurons in the midbrain respond not only to
reward and reward-predicting cues,, but also to other variables such as the distance to …

Two ideas have dominated neuropsychology concerning the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). One
holds that OFC regulates emotion and enhances behavioral flexibility through inhibitory …

We often face alternatives that we are free to choose between. Planning movements to
select an alternative involves several areas in frontal and parietal cortex,,,,,,,,,, that are …

How do humans make choices between different types of rewards? Economists have long
argued on theoretical grounds that humans typically make these choices as if the values of …