Between 1980 and 1985 representatives of academic science changed their policy
positions, moving from veneration of basic or fundamental research to promotion of …

Concerns have been raised that the growing emphasis on the commercial value of
academic research may have negative, unintended consequences, notably that it may have …

We examine sources of productivity in bioscience research and graduate training in US
universities. For this purpose, we first identify the scientific publications cited on agricultural …

Canada's research policy over the past three decades has steered national science toward
industrial innovation. Yet, the outcomes of this policy orientation are debatable. Macro-level …

In assessing the performance of academic research, there is a growing interest in combining
excellence with impact criteria. A frequently encountered belief is that impact should be …

Background The increasing push to commercialize university research has emerged as a
significant science policy challenge. While the socio-economic benefits of increased and …

We examine how the National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI), a recent US government
science and technology (S&T) program launched in 2000, affects the nature of university …

This study uses a sample of Japanese university scientists in life and materials sciences to
examine how academic entrepreneurship has affected the norms and behaviors of …

This study examines the prevalence and determinants of the commercialization of research
by the top twenty percent of university scientists funded by grants from the National Cancer …

As interest in university science commercialization has expanded, researchers have
increasingly acknowledged the elemental role of individual academic scientists in …