Growing opportunities for academic scientists to commercialize their science has led to a
new commercial marketplace. Recent evidence suggests that “commercial science” …

Traditional research on gender differences in productivity focuses on academic scientists,
and rarely investigates outcomes other than publications. We investigate gender disparities …

We document the substantial gender gap that exists among university scientists with regard
to entrepreneurial activity using a variety of measures and explore factors leading to the …

Recently, questions about gender gaps in science have extended to academic technology
transfer. Using systematic data on US medical school faculty, we capture both behavior and …

Universities were once ivory towers where scholarship and teaching reigned supreme, or so
we tell ourselves. Whether they were ever as pure as we think, it is certainly the case that …

Explanations of productivity differences between men and women in science tend to focus
on the academic sector and the individual level. This article examines how variation in …

Are there any places where women succeed in science? Numerous studies in recent years
have documented and lamented a gender gap in science and engineering. From …

There is a great deal of interest in Europe and the USA on the commercialization of
university science, particularly the creation of spinout companies from the science base …

Why don't more women become scientists? And why do those who do become scientists
often face more difficulties than their male counterparts? Every year, about a quarter of a …

Based on data from a survey of biological scientists at 125 American universities, this article
explores how the commercialization of the university affects the problems academic …