Knowing where one is located within an environment is one of the most fundamental tasks
humans have to master in their daily routines. Maps, as external representations of the …

The role of global landmarks-those seen from multiple, distant points-and local landmarks-
those viewed from a close distance-in virtual environment wayfinding has been discussed in …

In the era of smartphones, route-planning and navigation is supported by freely and globally
available web mapping services, such as OpenStreetMap or Google Maps. These services …

The life of human beings unfolds within three-dimensional space. Their daily routine leads
them through the space of their homes and the familiar environment around their homes …

In an unfamiliar environment, searching for and navigating to a target requires that spatial
information be acquired, stored, processed, and retrieved. In a study encompassing all of …

Route maps have recently gained much attention as effective tools to convey route
information. Benefits of maps are attributed to their ubiquitous existence in culture and their …

Landmarks are fundamental elements for people to learn an environment. People use these
landmarks to enrich their route descriptions (for example, when anchoring movements at …

Landmarks are an essential part of human navigation. In most situations, landmarks used for
navigation are available in the environment. However, landmarks can also be set up …

Two experiments investigated how people develop different landmark knowledge at
decision points. Participants learned a route in a virtual city once or five times. One …

Environmental factors, including landmarks that affect people's wayfinding performance in
unfamiliar environments have been discussed in a great number of studies. However, there …