In the current study, we investigated the ways in which the acquisition and transfer of spatial
knowledge were affected by (a) the type of spatial relations predominately experienced …

Here we present an experiment investigating human route learning behavior. Specific
interest concerned the learning strategies as well as the underlying spatial knowledge. In …

This experiment was designed to explore different strategies for learning large-scale spatial
environments. A total of 96 college students walked a route that connected 18 simulated …

According to an influential concept, humans acquire spatial knowledge about their
environment in three distinct stages: landmark knowledge is acquired first, then route …

This study investigated whether spatial learning is constrained by stage-based processes or
by goal-directed activity by having subjects in different groups attend to different types of …

Navigating through real or virtual worlds requires a workable knowledge of the spatial
layout. According to the landmark-route-survey model, metric spatial knowledge (survey …

It seems intuitively obvious that active exploration of a new environment will lead to better
spatial learning than will passive exposure. However, the literature on this issue is decidedly …

In this study, the nature of the spatial representations of an environment acquired from maps,
navigation, and virtual environments (VEs) was assessed. Participants first learned the …

Abstract Background International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards inspectors are
faced with the difficult task of learning the layout of complex nuclear facilities while being …

Despite much recent interest, it is unclear which types of landmarks are best suited for
survey knowledge acquisition. Thus, we investigated the accuracy of survey knowledge after …