It is now recognized that innate immunity to intestinal microflora plays a significant role in
mediating immune health, and modulation of microbial sensing may underpin the impact of …

Background Vaccines have profoundly impacted global health although concerns persist
about their potential role in autoimmune or other adverse reactions. To address these …

Macrophages exhibited different phenotypes in response to environmental cues. To meet
the needs of rapid response to stimuli, M1-activated macrophages preferred glycolysis to …

Introduction Glucocorticoids are a mainstay of anti-inflammatory therapy, but significant
adverse effects ultimately limit their utility. Previous efforts to design glucocorticoid structures …

The immunosuppressive drug, mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), has been successfully
introduced in allogeneic transplantation medicine and, more recently, in the treatment of …

For centuries, natural products and their derivatives have provided a rich source of
compounds for the development of new immunomodulators in the treatment of human …

Background: The pharmacological activity of dimethyl fumarate (DMF) in treating psoriasis
and multiple sclerosis (MS) is not fully understood. DMF is hydrolysed to monomethyl …

Background Dendritic cells (DC) are main gate-keepers of the immune system, bridging the
innate and adaptive immune system. DCs are able to mature into inflammatory DCs at sites …

Peptide-based therapy is a promising strategy for antigen-specific immunosuppression to
treat or even heal autoimmune diseases with significantly reduced adverse effects …

Antiinflammatory therapeutics are commonly used to combat a vast array of chronic
inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel …