Women engage in less commercial patenting and invention than do men, which may affect
what is invented. Using text analysis of all US biomedical patents filed from 1976 through …

Economists agree that innovations are the driver of productivity and economic growth in the
long run (Aghion & Howitt, 2009) and the importance of appropriate institutions in this …

Innovation is a hallmark of American culture, fostering societal growth and development
while also stimulating the economy (Council on Competitiveness 2020). In the innovation …

Collaboration among inventors is very important in patenting an invention. Inventors
collaborate based on their professional knowledge and experience. Because of the non …

There have been significant changes in recent decades in the profession of science, most
notably in the organization of research activities within universities and industrial firms. I …

Broadening the base of players who contribute to innovation is the key to creating and
expanding the innovation ecosystem. In an endeavor to increase the contribution of …

Women are named as inventors on fewer than one in five patents even though more women
are entering the science and technology fields. With the increasing importance of intellectual …

Patent citations are a key indicator for judging the diffusion of knowledge and the
technological impact of underlying inventions. Patent examiners, in their function as …

Inequality among patent inventors is a policy concern. For example, in the United States, if
women, racial minorities, and people from low-income backgrounds invented at the same …