Novel vaccine strategies include the so-called subunit vaccines, which encompass only the
part of the pathogen to which immune recognition results in protection. The high purity of …

Adjuvants are included in sub-unit or recombinant vaccines to enhance the potency of
poorly immunogenic antigens. Adjuvant discovery is as complex as it is a multidiscplinary …

Currently, aluminum salts and MF59 are the only vaccine adjuvants approved for human
use. With the development of new-generation vaccines (including recombinant subunit and …

Inactivated vaccines require adjuvants to stimulate an immune response. The choice of
adjuvant or immune enhancer determines whether the immune response is effective …

Highlights•New adjuvants are typically a combination of delivery system and an immune
potentiator.•A deeper understanding of innate immunity has helped the discovery of new …

For decades, the search for new vaccine adjuvants has been largely empirical. A series of
new adjuvants and related formulations are now emerging that are acting through identified …

Adjuvants help antigen to elicit an early, high and long-lasting immune response with less
antigen, thus saving on vaccine production costs. In recent years, adjuvants received much …

Adjuvant Systems (AS) are combinations of immune stimulants that enhance the immune
response to vaccine antigens. The first vaccine containing an AS (AS04) was licensed in …

Vaccine adjuvants are expected to play an important role in enhancing the immunogenicity
of existing and new-generation vaccines against infectious diseases. In particular, adjuvants …

The existence of pathogens that escape recognition by specific vaccines, the need to
improve existing vaccines and the increased availability of therapeutic (non-infectious …