The need to optimize vaccine potency while minimizing toxicity in healthy recipients has
motivated studies of the formulation of vaccines to control how, when, and where antigens …

Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling is critical for defense against pathogenic infection, as well
as for modulating tissue development. Activation of different TLRs triggers common …

The adaptive immune response is coordinated by CD4+ T cells, which determine the type
and strength of the immune response and the effector cells involved. It has been reported …

Growing awareness of the multiplicity of roles for the IL‐1 family in immune regulation has
prompted research exploring these cytokines in the context of vaccine‐induced immunity …

Innate immunity is critical for shaping vaccine-elicited adaptive immune responses. Several
classes of immune sensors, including Toll-like receptors, retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-like …

Adjuvants are essential components of most clinically used vaccines. This is because the
majority of nonliving vaccines are relatively poor inducers of adaptive immunity unless …

Induction of protective mucosal T cell memory remains a formidable challenge to
vaccinologists. Using a combination adjuvant strategy that elicits potent CD8 and CD4 T cell …

The underlying mechanisms that regulate neonatal immune suppression are poorly
characterized. CD31 (PECAM1) is highly expressed on neonatal lymphocytes and is a …

Immaturity of the immune system contributes to poor vaccine responses in early life.
Germinal center (GC) activation is limited due to poorly developed follicular dendritic cells …

Background. The elicitation of T-helper type 1 (Th1) cellular immunity to eradicate
intracellular pathogens is a challenging task because of the interleukin 12 (IL-12) deficit …