Toll-like receptor (TLR) adjuvants are capable of driving T cell immunity. The TLR4 agonist
LPS activates antigen-presenting cells through myeloid differentiation primary response …

T-bet and FOXO1 are transcription factors canonically associated with effector and memory
T cell fates, respectively. During an infectious response, these factors direct the development …

Live attenuated or inactivated bacteria and viruses have formed the basis of many
successful vaccines, including those that have eliminated smallpox and have almost …

Neonates and especially premature infants are highly susceptible to infection but still can
have a remarkable resilience that is poorly understood. The view that neonates have an …

Abstract Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and TLR9 agonists, MPL and CpG, are used as adjuvants
in vaccines and have been investigated for their combined potential. However, how these …

Targeting antigen to conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) can improve antigen-specific
immune responses and additionally be used to influence the polarization of the immune …

Despite extensive study and use of adjuvants that promote initiation of T-cell responses, we
are only now beginning to understand the mechanistic basis for the adjuvant effect. This …

Adjuvants constitute a critical component in vaccine development in terms of both
stimulating and directing immune responses of a suitable profile to promote protection …

Background Early life is characterized by a high susceptibility to infection and a TH 2-biased
CD4 T-cell response to vaccines. Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists are currently being …

Agents that activate dendritic cells are essential components for vaccines and can be
conceptualized as molecular adjuvants. Other molecular adjuvants affect downstream …