During decision making, valuation of different types of rewards may involve partially distinct
neural systems, but efficient choice behavior requires a common neural coding of stimulus …

Neuroimaging studies of decision-making have generally related neural activity to objective
measures (such as reward magnitude, probability or delay), despite choice preferences …

Marginal utility theory prescribes the relationship between the objective property of the
magnitude of rewards and their subjective value. Despite its pervasive influence, however …

When deciding between different options, individuals are guided by the expected (mean)
value of the different outcomes and by the associated degrees of uncertainty. We used …

To survive in a dynamic environment, an organism must be able to effectively learn, store,
and recall the expected benefits and costs of potential actions. The nature of the valuation …

Many important decisions involve outcomes that are either probabilistic or delayed. Based
on similarities in decision preferences, models of decision making have postulated that the …

Economists and cognitive psychologists have long known that prior rewards bias decision
making in favor of options with high expected value. Accordingly, value modulates the …

Intertemporal choice is predicated on the valuation of commodities with respect to delay until
their receipt. Subjective value of a future outcome decreases, or is discounted, as a function …

There is widespread interest in identifying computational and neurobiological mechanisms
that influence the ability to choose long-term benefits over more proximal and readily …

Many decisions involve a trade-off between the quality of an outcome and the time at which
that outcome is received. In psychology and behavioral economics, the most widely studied …