Making a risky decision is a complex process that involves evaluation of both the value of
the options and the associated risk level. Yet the neural processes underlying these …

Risky decisions may involve uncertainty about possible outcomes (ie, reward risk) or
uncertainty about which action should be taken (ie, behavioral risk). Determining whether …

Damage to various regions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) impairs decision making involving
evaluations about risks and rewards. However, the specific contributions that different PFC …

Highlights•Risk assessment activates multiple core components (ventral striatum and
anterior insula).•Activation of these components differentially promotes (ventral striatum) …

In uncertain and changing environments, optimal decision-making requires integrating
reward expectations with probabilistic beliefs about reward contingencies. Little is known …

Individual risk preferences have a large influence on decisions, such as financial
investments, career and health choices, or gambling. Decision making under risk has been …

Converging evidence from studies with animals and humans have implicated separate
regions of the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) corresponding to the anterior cingulate cortex …

Behavioral studies have shown for decades that humans are sensitive to risk when making
decisions. More recently, brain activities have been shown to be correlated with risky …

In our everyday life, we often have to make decisions with risky consequences, such as
choosing a restaurant for dinner or choosing a form of retirement saving. To date, however …

Although it is widely known that brain regions such as the prefrontal cortex, the amygdala,
and the ventral striatum play large roles in decision making, their precise contributions …