The review surveys the works of staff members, students, and graduate students of the Divison of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University on the use of microemulsions in liquid and electrokinetic chromatography. Microemulsions are used as promising extractants for the extraction of hydrophobic target substances from food, pharmaceutical, environmental, etc., samples. The possibility of the subsequent separation of microemulsions and the preconcentration of components to be determined in an organic phase was demonstrated. The approaches proposed are characterized by low detection limits; they considerably simplify a sample preparation process to shorten the total analysis time and to decrease the total number of stages, which decreases the error of determination.